????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? intellectual. ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? : ????? ?????? ????? madrasat al-'ilm al-h